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共用题干 Learning DisabilitiesLearning disabilities are very common.They affect perhaps 1 0 percent of all children.Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.Since about 1970,new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems
题目
共用题干
Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are very common.They affect perhaps 1 0 percent of all children.Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.
Since about 1970,new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better.Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things.There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.
You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability.There is no outward sign of the disorder.So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.
In one study,researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things.One involved cells in the left side of the brain,which control language.These cells normally are white.In the learning disabled person,however,these cells were gray.The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been.The nerve cells were mixed together.
The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind,an early expert on learning disabilities, Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally.Probably,he said,nerve cells there did not connect as they should.So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.
Other researchers did not examine brain tissue.Instead,they measured the brain's electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.
Frank Dully experimented with this technique at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston.Doctor Dully found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems.The differences appeared throughout the brain.Doctor Dully said his research is evidence that disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain,not just the left side.
Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are very common.They affect perhaps 1 0 percent of all children.Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.
Since about 1970,new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better.Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things.There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.
You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability.There is no outward sign of the disorder.So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.
In one study,researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things.One involved cells in the left side of the brain,which control language.These cells normally are white.In the learning disabled person,however,these cells were gray.The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been.The nerve cells were mixed together.
The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind,an early expert on learning disabilities, Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally.Probably,he said,nerve cells there did not connect as they should.So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.
Other researchers did not examine brain tissue.Instead,they measured the brain's electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.
Frank Dully experimented with this technique at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston.Doctor Dully found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems.The differences appeared throughout the brain.Doctor Dully said his research is evidence that disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain,not just the left side.
Scientists found that the brain cells of a learning-disabled person differ from those of a normal person in______.
A:structure and function
B:color and function
C:size and arrangement
D:color and arrangement
A:structure and function
B:color and function
C:size and arrangement
D:color and arrangement
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更多“共用题干 Learning DisabilitiesLearning disabilities are very common.They affect perhaps 1 0 percent of all children.Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.Since about 1970,new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems”相关问题
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第1题：
共用题干
Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are very common.They affect perhaps 1 0 percent of all children.Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.
Since about 1970,new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better.Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things.There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.
You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability.There is no outward sign of the disorder.So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.
In one study,researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things.One involved cells in the left side of the brain,which control language.These cells normally are white.In the learning disabled person,however,these cells were gray.The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been.The nerve cells were mixed together.
The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind,an early expert on learning disabilities, Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally.Probably,he said,nerve cells there did not connect as they should.So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.
Other researchers did not examine brain tissue.Instead,they measured the brain's electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.
Frank Dully experimented with this technique at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston.Doctor Dully found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems.The differences appeared throughout the brain.Doctor Dully said his research is evidence that disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain,not just the left side.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A:Learning disabilities may result from the unknown area of the brain.
B:Learning disabilities may result from damage to a wide area of the brain.
C:Learning disabilities may result from abnormal organization of the brain cells.
D:Learning disabilities may result from problems in the left side of the brain.答案：A解析：根据第七段最后一句可知，Doctor Dully的研究表明学习障碍者的大脑不仅左半边有损伤，更大的范围也会有损伤，因此B项正确；根据第四段最后两句可知，研究表明有学习障碍的人的脑神经细胞排列，不像正常人的那样成线状排列，而是混在一起，因此C项正确；根据第四段第三到五句可知，左脑的脑细胞控制言语，左脑有问题可能造成学习障碍，因此D项正确：而A项表述在本篇文章中没有依据，因此选择A项。
根据第四段第二、三、四、五、六句可知，研究者发现了两个反常现象：学习障碍者左脑细胞的颜色反常，正常人的是白色，他们的是灰色；学习障碍者的脑神经细胞的排列异常。
根据第二段第二句可知，科学家们已经知道学习障碍不一而同，导致的原因也不同，因此A项正确；根据第三段第一、二句可知，学习障碍不表现在外部，因此B项正确；根据第七段第二句可知，学习障碍者的大脑活动异于常人，因此D项正确。第一段第二句表明，约有10%的孩子有学习障碍，并不是10%的人有学习障碍，因此选择C项。
根据第七段最后一句可知，Doctor Dully认为学习障碍者不仅局限于左脑有损伤，更大的脑域都可能有问题，因此选择D项。
本篇文章并没有表明要帮助有学习障碍的孩子提高智力，或要研究孩子如何读书、书写与使用数字，故排除A、B两项；根据第四段第三句可知，科学家们已经知道左半脑控制人的语言能力，故排除D项。根据文章内容和叙事逻辑可知，选项C为正确选项。 -
第2题：
共用题干
Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are very common.They affect perhaps 1 0 percent of all children.Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.
Since about 1970,new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better.Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things.There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.
You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability.There is no outward sign of the disorder.So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.
In one study,researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things.One involved cells in the left side of the brain,which control language.These cells normally are white.In the learning disabled person,however,these cells were gray.The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been.The nerve cells were mixed together.
The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind,an early expert on learning disabilities, Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally.Probably,he said,nerve cells there did not connect as they should.So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.
Other researchers did not examine brain tissue.Instead,they measured the brain's electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.
Frank Dully experimented with this technique at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston.Doctor Dully found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems.The differences appeared throughout the brain.Doctor Dully said his research is evidence that disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain,not just the left side.All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that______.
A:many factors account for learning disorder
B:a learning-disabled person shows no outward signs
C:reading disabilities are a common problem that affects 10 percent of the population
D:the brain activity of learning-disabled children is different from that of normal children答案：C解析：根据第七段最后一句可知，Doctor Dully的研究表明学习障碍者的大脑不仅左半边有损伤，更大的范围也会有损伤，因此B项正确；根据第四段最后两句可知，研究表明有学习障碍的人的脑神经细胞排列，不像正常人的那样成线状排列，而是混在一起，因此C项正确；根据第四段第三到五句可知，左脑的脑细胞控制言语，左脑有问题可能造成学习障碍，因此D项正确：而A项表述在本篇文章中没有依据，因此选择A项。
根据第四段第二、三、四、五、六句可知，研究者发现了两个反常现象：学习障碍者左脑细胞的颜色反常，正常人的是白色，他们的是灰色；学习障碍者的脑神经细胞的排列异常。
根据第二段第二句可知，科学家们已经知道学习障碍不一而同，导致的原因也不同，因此A项正确；根据第三段第一、二句可知，学习障碍不表现在外部，因此B项正确；根据第七段第二句可知，学习障碍者的大脑活动异于常人，因此D项正确。第一段第二句表明，约有10%的孩子有学习障碍，并不是10%的人有学习障碍，因此选择C项。
根据第七段最后一句可知，Doctor Dully认为学习障碍者不仅局限于左脑有损伤，更大的脑域都可能有问题，因此选择D项。
本篇文章并没有表明要帮助有学习障碍的孩子提高智力，或要研究孩子如何读书、书写与使用数字，故排除A、B两项；根据第四段第三句可知，科学家们已经知道左半脑控制人的语言能力，故排除D项。根据文章内容和叙事逻辑可知，选项C为正确选项。 -
第3题：
共用题干
Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult,teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math,that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year,and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt,for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,”said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.David Geary thinks that______.
A: the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process
B: the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample
C: the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful
D: the study is well based and produces significant results答案：B解析：题干意为“依据第一段的内容来看，芝加哥大学的研究结果是什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语result of the research, University of Chicago, girls, math skills,boys,female teachers' math skills,girl students' math skills作为定位线索，在第一段中寻找到相关句：In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math．第一段是一个独立成段句，该句意为“在最 近一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能会认为男孩学数学比女孩学得更好”。由此可知女教师对自己数学能力的自信会影响女生对自己数学能力的信心，从而最终会影响到女生的数学能力，因此答案为D项“女教师对自己数学能力的自信与女生的数学能力相关”。
题干意为“第三段暗示了什么？”题干中没有任何细节信息词可以利用，因此 只能利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语math teachers,math learners, subject,difficulty, difficult subject,teachers' confidence, teaching math, students learning math，利用这些线索词 在第三段中找到相关句：Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word”anxiety“ to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry．第三段第一句提到“如同学生会认为某些科目很难学那样，老师也会认为某些学科既难学也难教”。最后一句提到“这就是研究者所言的‘焦虑’：不自在或担心”。依据这两个句子可以推断出作者想要告诉读者，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程产生焦虑，也就是不自信，因此答案为B项“像数学这样难学的科目可能会影响教师对教授该学科的自信”。
题干意为“根据实验来看，当那些老师感到……时可能会对数学产生焦虑 感”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语experiment , teachers , numbers of a sales receipt作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句：The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第二句和第三句中，因此重点关注这两个句子。这两个句子提到“然后研究者们对教师进行测试，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当遇到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她可能会对数学存在焦虑”。由此可知选项C项“一看销售清单上的数字就感到紧张”是答案。saving the numbers意为“保存数 字”,filling in the numbers意为“数字排序”,memorizing the numbers意为“数字记忆”。 -
第4题：
共用题干
第三篇
Smart Exercise
Doctors are starting to find more and more information that suggests a connection
between exercise and brain development.Judy Cameron,a scientist at Oregon Health and
Science University,studies brain development.According to her research,it seems that
exercise can make blood vessels,including those in the brain,stronger and more fully
developed.Dr. Cameron claims this allows people who exercise to concentrate better. As
she says:"While we already know that exercise is good for the heart,exercise can literally
cause physical changes in the brain."
The effects of exercise on brain development can even be seen in babies.Babies who
do activities that require a lot of movement and physical activity show greater brain
development than babies who are less physically active.With babies,even a{ittle
movement can show big results. Margaret Barnes , a pediatrician（儿科医师）,believes in
the importance of exercise.She thinks that many learning disabilities that children have in
elementary school or high school can be traced back to a lack of movement as babies.
"Babies need movement that stimulates their five senses.They need to establish a
connection between motion and memory.In this way,as they get older,children will begin
to associate physical activity with higher learning,"says Margaret.
Older people can beef up their brains as well.Cornell University studied a group of
seniors ranging in age from seventy to seventy-nine. Their study showed a short-term
memory increase of up to 40 percent after exercising just three hours a week.The exercise
does not have to be very difficult,but it does have to increase the heart rate.Also,just like
the motion for infants,exercise for older people should involve some complexity.Learning
some new skills or motions helps to open up memory paths in the brain that may not have
been used for a long time.
For most people,any type of physical activity that increases the heart rate is helpful.
The main goal is to increase the brain's flow of blood.And your brain can benefit from as
little as two to three hours of exercise a week.Research by Dr.Cameron seems to suggest that exercise can
A: generate new blood vessels.
B:change the way a person thinks.
C: promote brain development.
D: divert one's attention.答案：C解析： -
第5题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1.An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington.Washoe had become known in the scientific community arid around the world for her ability to use American sign language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas.She also asked questions like,"Who is coming to play?"Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research.The whole direction of primate research changed.
3. However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes.Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington.There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees.Today,there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5.Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication.Yet,one thing is sure一Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.Paragraph 1_______
A:Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays.
B:Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language.
C:General Information about Washoe.
D:The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized.
E:Debate on Chimps' Intelligence.
F: Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps.答案：C解析：文章第一段主要讲述的是Washoe死亡这件事以及对Washoe概括性的介绍，因此答案应当选择选项C。
第二段主要介绍了当年Washoe学习手语的进展情况及惊人的成果，因此选项B的概括最准确。
第三段主要讲的是一些批评家对Washoe语言能力的质疑，以及Gardner 夫妇的学生对此的反驳，因此选项E“对大猩猩智慧的争论”最符合要求。
第四段只有三句话，主要讲很少人继续从事这项研究的原因是耗时太久，因而选项A总结的最正确。
文章第二段中间提到当Washoe想吃东西的时候就会做手势，因此选择C项。
文章第三段其他研究者对Gardner夫妇的看法提出了质疑，认为Washoe 并不能真正掌握语言，只是凭借记忆学习手语。因此选项A是正确的。
第三段提到Washoe被带到了Ellensburg，在那里它甚至教会了其他三只黑猩猩手语，因此选项D是正确的。
文章第一段和第二段告诉我们Washoe掌握了大量的词汇并能用手语同人交流，它是第一个能了解人类语言的非人类，因此人们自然会认为它很聪明。选项E是正确的。 -
第6题：
共用题干
第二篇
Where Have All the Frogs Gone?
In the 1980s,scientists around the world began to notice something strange:Frogs
were disappearing. More recent research has shown that many kinds of amphibians（两栖
动物）are declining or have become extinct. They have been around for a long time一over
350 million years.Why are they dying out now?
Scientists are seriously concerned about this question.First of all,amphibians are an
important source of scientific and medical knowledge.By studying amphibians,scientists
have learned about new substances that could be very useful for treating human diseases.
Further research could lead to many more discoveries,but that will be impossible if the
amphibians disappear.
The most serious aspect of amphibian loss,however,goes beyond the amphibians
themselves.Scientists are beginning to think about what amphibian decline means for the
planet as a whole.If the earth is becoming unlivable for amphibians,is it also becoming
unlivable for other kinds of animals and human beings as well?
Scientists now believe that amphibian decline is due to several environmental factors.
One of these factors is the destruction of habitat,the natural area where an animal lives.
Amphibians are very sensitive to changes in their habitat.If they cannot find the right
conditions,they will not lay their eggs一These days,as wild areas are covered with
houses,roads,farms,or factories,many kinds of amphibians are no longer laying eggs.
For example,the arroyo toad（蟾蜍）of southern California will only lay its eggs on the
sandy bottom of a slow-moving stream.There are very few streams left in southern
California,and those streams are often muddy because of building projects. Not
surprisingily,the arrovo toad is now in danaer of extinction.
There are a number of other factors in amphibian decline.Pollution is one of them.In
many industrial areas,air pollution has poisoned the rain,which then falls on ponds and
kills the frogs and toads that live there,In farming areas,the heavy use of chemicals on
crops has also killed off arrtphibians.Another factor is that air pollution has led to increased
levels of ultraviolet (UV) light. This endangers amphibians, which seem to be especially
sensitive to UV light. And finally, scientists have discovered a new disease that seems to
be killing many species of arnpttibians in different parts of the world.
All these reasons for the disappearance of amphibians are also good reasons for more
general concern. The destrriction of land, the pollcition of the air and the water, the
changes in our atmosphere, the spread of diseases-these factors affect human beings,
too. Amphibians are especially sensitive to environmental change. Perhaps they are like
the canary （金丝雀）bird that coal miners once used to take down into the mines to detect
poisonous gases. When the canary became ill or died,the miners knew that dangerous
gases were near and their own lives were in danger.Scientists think that the decline of amphibians could
A:cause environmental change.
B:cause a decline in other kinds of animals.
C:be a warning signal for human beings.
D:be a good sign for human beings.答案：C解析： -
第7题：
共用题干
Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills
American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation （延迟）.They found that developing musical skill involves the______(51)process in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that could______(52)children with learning disabilities.
Nina Krauss is a neurobiologist at Northwestern University in Illinois.She says musical training______(53)putting together different kinds of information,such as hearing music,looking at musical notes,touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This______(54)is not much different from learning how to speak.Both involve different senses.
She further explains musical training and learning to______(55)each make us think about what we are doing.She says speech and music______(56)through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.The brain stem______(57)our ability to hear.Until recently,experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.______(58)Professor Krauss and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.
The study involved individuals with different levels of musical______(59).They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures______(60)activity.The individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument-the cello（大提琴）.Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar______(61)some of the sounds that are impor-tant with speech.The study found that the more years of training people had,the more______(62)they were to the sound and rhythm of the music.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the______(63)of sensory events was the strongest.It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning______（64).She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they______(65)sentences and understand facial expressions better._________61
A:as
B:of
C:to
D:at答案：C解析：前一句提到音乐训练可以提高沟通技巧和改善语言障碍，可见他们发现的应该是提升音乐技能与学习说话有着相同的（same）大脑活动过程。the same as…与……相同。unique独特的；different不同的；strange奇怪的。
这项发现应该能够帮助在学习上有障碍的儿童。help帮助；tell告诉；remind提醒；entertain娱乐。
这个句子的意思是：她说音乐训练与整合不同的信息相关，比如聆听音乐、看音符、触碰乐器，以及观察其他音乐演奏者等。shape塑造；relate关于；enhance加强，增强。只有 involve能够表示“涉及，与……相关”的意思。
空格前一句讲的是音乐训练的过程，因此应该选择能表示过程的词汇，即D项。form 形式；step步骤；point观点；process过程。
结合语境可知，本篇文章讲的是音乐训练与学习说话之间的关系，因此选择C项。play 玩耍；sing歌唱；speak说话；think思考。
pass through是常用表达，意思是“经过，通过”的意思，用在空格处表明说话和音乐都通过脑干这个神经系统组织。没有use through这个短语。look through仔细查阅；put through 完成。
由常识及语境可知，大脑控制着我们讲话的能力。develop发展，开发；control控制； assess评判；observe观察，遵守。
空格前一句表明专家的观点，认为脑干不能被改善或改变；空格后一句表明Krauss及其团队的观点，即音乐训练可以改善脑干活动。两者是转折关系，故选择转折连词but。
这个研究涉及的应该是具有不同音乐能力的个人。instrument乐器；ability能力；type 类型；contact接触。本篇文章并没有对乐器和音乐类型进行探讨。
根据上文可知，音乐训练与学习说话涉及相同的大脑活动过程，由此可知这些电子设备观测的是大脑活动。physical体力的；musical音乐的；speech演讲，说话；brain大脑。
similar to的意思是“与……相似”，是英语中的习惯表达。
这个句子的意思是：人们接受音乐训练的时间越长，他们对音乐的声音和节奏就会越敏感。familiar熟悉的；inactive不活跃的；critical讽刺的，批判的；sensitive敏感的。
这个句子的意思是：那些接受过音乐训练的人在感官测试中取得的进步也最大。re-duction减少；improvement改善，提升；interference干扰；implication蕴含。
第一段最后一句提到，音乐训练能够帮助在学习上有障碍的儿童，因此选择B项。style 风格；disability残疾，无能；interest兴趣；approach方法，通道。
空格前表示的是利用音乐改善听力，选项中表示听见的hear与听力相关。read阅读； write写；hear听见；change改变。 -
第8题：
共用题干
Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills
American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation （延迟）.They found that developing musical skill involves the______(51)process in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that could______(52)children with learning disabilities.
Nina Krauss is a neurobiologist at Northwestern University in Illinois.She says musical training______(53)putting together different kinds of information,such as hearing music,looking at musical notes,touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This______(54)is not much different from learning how to speak.Both involve different senses.
She further explains musical training and learning to______(55)each make us think about what we are doing.She says speech and music______(56)through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.The brain stem______(57)our ability to hear.Until recently,experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.______(58)Professor Krauss and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.
The study involved individuals with different levels of musical______(59).They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures______(60)activity.The individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument-the cello（大提琴）.Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar______(61)some of the sounds that are impor-tant with speech.The study found that the more years of training people had,the more______(62)they were to the sound and rhythm of the music.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the______(63)of sensory events was the strongest.It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning______（64).She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they______(65)sentences and understand facial expressions better._________64
A:styles
B:disabilities
C:interests
D:approaches答案：B解析：前一句提到音乐训练可以提高沟通技巧和改善语言障碍，可见他们发现的应该是提升音乐技能与学习说话有着相同的（same）大脑活动过程。the same as…与……相同。unique独特的；different不同的；strange奇怪的。
这项发现应该能够帮助在学习上有障碍的儿童。help帮助；tell告诉；remind提醒；entertain娱乐。
这个句子的意思是：她说音乐训练与整合不同的信息相关，比如聆听音乐、看音符、触碰乐器，以及观察其他音乐演奏者等。shape塑造；relate关于；enhance加强，增强。只有 involve能够表示“涉及，与……相关”的意思。
空格前一句讲的是音乐训练的过程，因此应该选择能表示过程的词汇，即D项。form 形式；step步骤；point观点；process过程。
结合语境可知，本篇文章讲的是音乐训练与学习说话之间的关系，因此选择C项。play 玩耍；sing歌唱；speak说话；think思考。
pass through是常用表达，意思是“经过，通过”的意思，用在空格处表明说话和音乐都通过脑干这个神经系统组织。没有use through这个短语。look through仔细查阅；put through 完成。
由常识及语境可知，大脑控制着我们讲话的能力。develop发展，开发；control控制； assess评判；observe观察，遵守。
空格前一句表明专家的观点，认为脑干不能被改善或改变；空格后一句表明Krauss及其团队的观点，即音乐训练可以改善脑干活动。两者是转折关系，故选择转折连词but。
这个研究涉及的应该是具有不同音乐能力的个人。instrument乐器；ability能力；type 类型；contact接触。本篇文章并没有对乐器和音乐类型进行探讨。
根据上文可知，音乐训练与学习说话涉及相同的大脑活动过程，由此可知这些电子设备观测的是大脑活动。physical体力的；musical音乐的；speech演讲，说话；brain大脑。
similar to的意思是“与……相似”，是英语中的习惯表达。
这个句子的意思是：人们接受音乐训练的时间越长，他们对音乐的声音和节奏就会越敏感。familiar熟悉的；inactive不活跃的；critical讽刺的，批判的；sensitive敏感的。
这个句子的意思是：那些接受过音乐训练的人在感官测试中取得的进步也最大。re-duction减少；improvement改善，提升；interference干扰；implication蕴含。
第一段最后一句提到，音乐训练能够帮助在学习上有障碍的儿童，因此选择B项。style 风格；disability残疾，无能；interest兴趣；approach方法，通道。
空格前表示的是利用音乐改善听力，选项中表示听见的hear与听力相关。read阅读； write写；hear听见；change改变。 -
第9题：
共用题干
第二篇
Where Have All the Frogs Gone?
In the 1980s,scientists around the world began to notice something strange:Frogs
were disappearing. More recent research has shown that many kinds of amphibians（两栖
动物）are declining or have become extinct. They have been around for a long time一over
350 million years.Why are they dying out now?
Scientists are seriously concerned about this question.First of all,amphibians are an
important source of scientific and medical knowledge.By studying amphibians,scientists
have learned about new substances that could be very useful for treating human diseases.
Further research could lead to many more discoveries,but that will be impossible if the
amphibians disappear.
The most serious aspect of amphibian loss,however,goes beyond the amphibians
themselves.Scientists are beginning to think about what amphibian decline means for the
planet as a whole.If the earth is becoming unlivable for amphibians,is it also becoming
unlivable for other kinds of animals and human beings as well?
Scientists now believe that amphibian decline is due to several environmental factors.
One of these factors is the destruction of habitat,the natural area where an animal lives.
Amphibians are very sensitive to changes in their habitat.If they cannot find the right
conditions,they will not lay their eggs一These days,as wild areas are covered with
houses,roads,farms,or factories,many kinds of amphibians are no longer laying eggs.
For example,the arroyo toad（蟾蜍）of southern California will only lay its eggs on the
sandy bottom of a slow-moving stream.There are very few streams left in southern
California,and those streams are often muddy because of building projects. Not
surprisingily,the arrovo toad is now in danaer of extinction.
There are a number of other factors in amphibian decline.Pollution is one of them.In
many industrial areas,air pollution has poisoned the rain,which then falls on ponds and
kills the frogs and toads that live there,In farming areas,the heavy use of chemicals on
crops has also killed off arrtphibians.Another factor is that air pollution has led to increased
levels of ultraviolet (UV) light. This endangers amphibians, which seem to be especially
sensitive to UV light. And finally, scientists have discovered a new disease that seems to
be killing many species of arnpttibians in different parts of the world.
All these reasons for the disappearance of amphibians are also good reasons for more
general concern. The destrriction of land, the pollcition of the air and the water, the
changes in our atmosphere, the spread of diseases-these factors affect human beings,
too. Amphibians are especially sensitive to environmental change. Perhaps they are like
the canary （金丝雀）bird that coal miners once used to take down into the mines to detect
poisonous gases. When the canary became ill or died,the miners knew that dangerous
gases were near and their own lives were in danger.The arroyo toad is disappearing because
A:it has been threatened by frogs.
B:it is losing its habitat.
C:a disease has been killing its eggs.
D:it can't bear the cold of winter.答案：B解析： -
第10题：
共用题干
Learning Disorder一Dyslexia
As many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some form of the learning disorder
called dyslexia.
Experts on dyslexia say that the problem is not a disease.They say that persons with dyslexia use infor-
ination in a di价rent way.One of the world's great thinkers and scientists Albert Einstein was dyslexic.Ein-
stein said that he never thought in words the way that most people do.He said that he thought in pictures in-
stead.The American inventor Thomas Edisoii was also dyslexic.Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and
the United States more than 80 years ago.Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons with the
disorder were not mentally slow or disabled.The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are
different,In most people,the left side of the brain一the part that controls language一is larger than the right
side.In persons with dyslexia,the right side of the brain is bigger. Doctors are not sure what causes this
difference.However,research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females,and it is
found more often in persons who are left-handed.No one knows the cause of dyslexia,but some scientists
believe that it may result from chemical changes in a baby's body long before it is born.They are trying to
find ways to teach persons with dyslexia. Dyslexic persons think differently and need special kinds of teaching
help.After they have solved their problems with language,they often show themselves to be especially intelligent
or creative.Many great thinkers and scientists in the world are dyslexic.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：由文章第一段“As many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some of the learning disorder called dyslexia.”可知，在美国有多达20％的儿童患有失读症。题干中one out of five的意思是“每五个人中有一个”，故选A。
文章中仅提到爱因斯坦和爱迪生为失读症患者，并末提到很多思想家和科学家为患者。
由文章第二段第七句话“Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago.”可知，欧洲和美国在80多年以前首次发现失读症患者。故选A。
由文章第二段中“The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are different.In most people,the left side of the brain一the part that controls language一is larger than the right side.In persons with dyslexia, the right side of the brain is bigger.”可知，大多数人的左脑比右脑大，而 患有失读症的人则刚好相反。
由文章第二段中倒数第五句话“…research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females , and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed.”可知，男人比女 人更容易患失读症，惯用左手者比惯川右手者更容易患失读症，故选A。
由文章第二段倒数第四句话“No One knows the cause of dyslexia, hut some scientists be- lieve that it may result from cit; neal changes in a ha饰’5body long before it is born.”可知，失读 症的成因尚不清楚，但有些科学家一认为该病是由早在婴儿出生之前就在其体内发生的化学变 化所致，井未提及与其母亲的不良习惯有关：故达C。
由文章第二段最后一句话"After they have solved their problems with language, they often show themselves to he especially intelligent or creative.”可知，在解决了语言方面的问题之后，得 过失读症的人往往表现出超人的摺慧和创造力二故选A。 -
第11题：
共用题干
第二篇
Sharing Silence
Deaf teenagers Orlando Chavez and German Resendiz have been friends since kindergarten（幼儿园）.
Together the boys,who go to Escondido Hight School in California,have had the difficult job of learning in
schools where the majority of?the students can speak and hear.
Orlando lost hearing at the age of one.cerman was born deaf,and his parents moved from Mexico to find
a school where he could learn sign language.He met Orlando on their first day of kindergarten.
"We were in a special class with about 25 other deaf kids,"German remembers."Before then,I didn't
know I was deaf and that I was different."
"Being young and deaf in regular classes was very hard,"signs Orlando,"The other kids didn't under-
stand us and we didn't understand them,But we'ye all grown up together,and today,I'm popular because
I'm deaf. Kids try hard to communicate with me.”
Some things are very difficult for the two boys."We can't talk on the phone,so if we need help,we
can't call an emergency service,"German signs."And we can't order food in drive-thru."
Despite their difficulties,the two boys have found work putting food in bags at a local supermarket. They
got their jobs through a"workability"program,designed for teenagers from local schools with different types of
learning disabilities.
German has worked in the supermarket since August,and Orlando started in November.
"The other people who work here have been very nice to us,"Orlando signs."They even sign some-
times.At first,we were nervous,but we'ye learned a lot and we're getting better."
The opportunity to earn money has been exciting,both boys sign.After high school。they hope to attend
the National Technical Institute for the Deaf in New York.Both boys are happy to______.
A:design programs for the deaf
B:work at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf
C:help students with learning disabilities
D:have the opportunity to earn money答案：D解析：根据短文开头部分可知他们从小就是朋友。
根据第五段最后一句可知答案。
根据第七段可知他们都在超市找到了工作。
emergency意为“紧急情况”,crisis意为“紧急关头”，两者意思相近。
文中最后一句提到，两个人都表示有机会赚钱是令人兴奋的。 第三篇 本文介绍了一项研究，该研究显示步行能健脑，经常运动可以使老年人更好地集中精力。 -
第12题：
单选题-How many boy students are there in your class? -There are ______ girls as boys .Athree times many as
Bmany as three times
Cas many three times
Dthree times as many
正确答案： A解析： -
第13题：
共用题干
Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities are very common.They affect perhaps 1 0 percent of all children.Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.
Since about 1970,new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better.Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things.There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.
You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability.There is no outward sign of the disorder.So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.
In one study,researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things.One involved cells in the left side of the brain,which control language.These cells normally are white.In the learning disabled person,however,these cells were gray.The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been.The nerve cells were mixed together.
The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind,an early expert on learning disabilities, Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally.Probably,he said,nerve cells there did not connect as they should.So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.
Other researchers did not examine brain tissue.Instead,they measured the brain's electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.
Frank Dully experimented with this technique at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston.Doctor Dully found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems.The differences appeared throughout the brain.Doctor Dully said his research is evidence that disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain,not just the left side.According to the passage we can conclude that further researches should be made______.
A:to help learning-disabled children to develop their intelligence
B:to study how children learn to read and write,and use numbers
C:to investigate possible influences on brain development and organization
D:to explore how the left side of the brain functions in language learning答案：C解析：根据第七段最后一句可知，Doctor Dully的研究表明学习障碍者的大脑不仅左半边有损伤，更大的范围也会有损伤，因此B项正确；根据第四段最后两句可知，研究表明有学习障碍的人的脑神经细胞排列，不像正常人的那样成线状排列，而是混在一起，因此C项正确；根据第四段第三到五句可知，左脑的脑细胞控制言语，左脑有问题可能造成学习障碍，因此D项正确：而A项表述在本篇文章中没有依据，因此选择A项。
根据第四段第二、三、四、五、六句可知，研究者发现了两个反常现象：学习障碍者左脑细胞的颜色反常，正常人的是白色，他们的是灰色；学习障碍者的脑神经细胞的排列异常。
根据第二段第二句可知，科学家们已经知道学习障碍不一而同，导致的原因也不同，因此A项正确；根据第三段第一、二句可知，学习障碍不表现在外部，因此B项正确；根据第七段第二句可知，学习障碍者的大脑活动异于常人，因此D项正确。第一段第二句表明，约有10%的孩子有学习障碍，并不是10%的人有学习障碍，因此选择C项。
根据第七段最后一句可知，Doctor Dully认为学习障碍者不仅局限于左脑有损伤，更大的脑域都可能有问题，因此选择D项。
本篇文章并没有表明要帮助有学习障碍的孩子提高智力，或要研究孩子如何读书、书写与使用数字，故排除A、B两项；根据第四段第三句可知，科学家们已经知道左半脑控制人的语言能力，故排除D项。根据文章内容和叙事逻辑可知，选项C为正确选项。 -
第14题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1.An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington.Washoe had become known in the scientific community arid around the world for her ability to use American sign language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas.She also asked questions like,"Who is coming to play?"Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research.The whole direction of primate research changed.
3. However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes.Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington.There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees.Today,there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5.Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication.Yet,one thing is sure一Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.Paragraph 2________
A:Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays.
B:Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language.
C:General Information about Washoe.
D:The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized.
E:Debate on Chimps' Intelligence.
F: Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps.答案：B解析：文章第一段主要讲述的是Washoe死亡这件事以及对Washoe概括性的介绍，因此答案应当选择选项C。
第二段主要介绍了当年Washoe学习手语的进展情况及惊人的成果，因此选项B的概括最准确。
第三段主要讲的是一些批评家对Washoe语言能力的质疑，以及Gardner 夫妇的学生对此的反驳，因此选项E“对大猩猩智慧的争论”最符合要求。
第四段只有三句话，主要讲很少人继续从事这项研究的原因是耗时太久，因而选项A总结的最正确。
文章第二段中间提到当Washoe想吃东西的时候就会做手势，因此选择C项。
文章第三段其他研究者对Gardner夫妇的看法提出了质疑，认为Washoe 并不能真正掌握语言，只是凭借记忆学习手语。因此选项A是正确的。
第三段提到Washoe被带到了Ellensburg，在那里它甚至教会了其他三只黑猩猩手语，因此选项D是正确的。
文章第一段和第二段告诉我们Washoe掌握了大量的词汇并能用手语同人交流，它是第一个能了解人类语言的非人类，因此人们自然会认为它很聪明。选项E是正确的。 -
第15题：
共用题干
Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult,teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math,that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year,and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt,for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,”said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?
A:Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.
B: Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.
C: Female teachers'math skills have influence over girl students'math skills.
D: Female teachers'confidence in their math skills is related to girls'math skills.答案：D解析：题干意为“依据第一段的内容来看，芝加哥大学的研究结果是什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语result of the research, University of Chicago, girls, math skills,boys,female teachers' math skills,girl students' math skills作为定位线索，在第一段中寻找到相关句：In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math．第一段是一个独立成段句，该句意为“在最 近一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能会认为男孩学数学比女孩学得更好”。由此可知女教师对自己数学能力的自信会影响女生对自己数学能力的信心，从而最终会影响到女生的数学能力，因此答案为D项“女教师对自己数学能力的自信与女生的数学能力相关”。
题干意为“第三段暗示了什么？”题干中没有任何细节信息词可以利用，因此 只能利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语math teachers,math learners, subject,difficulty, difficult subject,teachers' confidence, teaching math, students learning math，利用这些线索词 在第三段中找到相关句：Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word”anxiety“ to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry．第三段第一句提到“如同学生会认为某些科目很难学那样，老师也会认为某些学科既难学也难教”。最后一句提到“这就是研究者所言的‘焦虑’：不自在或担心”。依据这两个句子可以推断出作者想要告诉读者，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程产生焦虑，也就是不自信，因此答案为B项“像数学这样难学的科目可能会影响教师对教授该学科的自信”。
题干意为“根据实验来看，当那些老师感到……时可能会对数学产生焦虑 感”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语experiment , teachers , numbers of a sales receipt作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句：The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第二句和第三句中，因此重点关注这两个句子。这两个句子提到“然后研究者们对教师进行测试，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当遇到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她可能会对数学存在焦虑”。由此可知选项C项“一看销售清单上的数字就感到紧张”是答案。saving the numbers意为“保存数 字”,filling in the numbers意为“数字排序”,memorizing the numbers意为“数字记忆”。 -
第16题：
共用题干
第三篇
Smart Exercise
Doctors are starting to find more and more information that suggests a connection
between exercise and brain development.Judy Cameron,a scientist at Oregon Health and
Science University,studies brain development.According to her research,it seems that
exercise can make blood vessels,including those in the brain,stronger and more fully
developed.Dr. Cameron claims this allows people who exercise to concentrate better. As
she says:"While we already know that exercise is good for the heart,exercise can literally
cause physical changes in the brain."
The effects of exercise on brain development can even be seen in babies.Babies who
do activities that require a lot of movement and physical activity show greater brain
development than babies who are less physically active.With babies,even a{ittle
movement can show big results. Margaret Barnes , a pediatrician（儿科医师）,believes in
the importance of exercise.She thinks that many learning disabilities that children have in
elementary school or high school can be traced back to a lack of movement as babies.
"Babies need movement that stimulates their five senses.They need to establish a
connection between motion and memory.In this way,as they get older,children will begin
to associate physical activity with higher learning,"says Margaret.
Older people can beef up their brains as well.Cornell University studied a group of
seniors ranging in age from seventy to seventy-nine. Their study showed a short-term
memory increase of up to 40 percent after exercising just three hours a week.The exercise
does not have to be very difficult,but it does have to increase the heart rate.Also,just like
the motion for infants,exercise for older people should involve some complexity.Learning
some new skills or motions helps to open up memory paths in the brain that may not have
been used for a long time.
For most people,any type of physical activity that increases the heart rate is helpful.
The main goal is to increase the brain's flow of blood.And your brain can benefit from as
little as two to three hours of exercise a week.Margaret Barnes thinks that a lack of movement in infancy can
A:lead to learning troubles later.
B:cause physical disabilities later.
C:stimulate the five senses.
D:bring about changes in the brain.答案：A解析： -
第17题：
共用题干
Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult,teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math,that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year,and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt,for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,”said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.What is implied in the third paragraph?
A: Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.
B: A difficult subject like math may affect teachers'confidence in teaching the subject.
C: Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.
D: Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.答案：B解析：题干意为“依据第一段的内容来看，芝加哥大学的研究结果是什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语result of the research, University of Chicago, girls, math skills,boys,female teachers' math skills,girl students' math skills作为定位线索，在第一段中寻找到相关句：In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math．第一段是一个独立成段句，该句意为“在最 近一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能会认为男孩学数学比女孩学得更好”。由此可知女教师对自己数学能力的自信会影响女生对自己数学能力的信心，从而最终会影响到女生的数学能力，因此答案为D项“女教师对自己数学能力的自信与女生的数学能力相关”。
题干意为“第三段暗示了什么？”题干中没有任何细节信息词可以利用，因此 只能利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语math teachers,math learners, subject,difficulty, difficult subject,teachers' confidence, teaching math, students learning math，利用这些线索词 在第三段中找到相关句：Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word”anxiety“ to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry．第三段第一句提到“如同学生会认为某些科目很难学那样，老师也会认为某些学科既难学也难教”。最后一句提到“这就是研究者所言的‘焦虑’：不自在或担心”。依据这两个句子可以推断出作者想要告诉读者，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程产生焦虑，也就是不自信，因此答案为B项“像数学这样难学的科目可能会影响教师对教授该学科的自信”。
题干意为“根据实验来看，当那些老师感到……时可能会对数学产生焦虑 感”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语experiment , teachers , numbers of a sales receipt作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句：The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第二句和第三句中，因此重点关注这两个句子。这两个句子提到“然后研究者们对教师进行测试，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当遇到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她可能会对数学存在焦虑”。由此可知选项C项“一看销售清单上的数字就感到紧张”是答案。saving the numbers意为“保存数 字”,filling in the numbers意为“数字排序”,memorizing the numbers意为“数字记忆”。 -
第18题：
共用题干
第二篇
Where Have All the Frogs Gone?
In the 1980s,scientists around the world began to notice something strange:Frogs
were disappearing. More recent research has shown that many kinds of amphibians（两栖
动物）are declining or have become extinct. They have been around for a long time一over
350 million years.Why are they dying out now?
Scientists are seriously concerned about this question.First of all,amphibians are an
important source of scientific and medical knowledge.By studying amphibians,scientists
have learned about new substances that could be very useful for treating human diseases.
Further research could lead to many more discoveries,but that will be impossible if the
amphibians disappear.
The most serious aspect of amphibian loss,however,goes beyond the amphibians
themselves.Scientists are beginning to think about what amphibian decline means for the
planet as a whole.If the earth is becoming unlivable for amphibians,is it also becoming
unlivable for other kinds of animals and human beings as well?
Scientists now believe that amphibian decline is due to several environmental factors.
One of these factors is the destruction of habitat,the natural area where an animal lives.
Amphibians are very sensitive to changes in their habitat.If they cannot find the right
conditions,they will not lay their eggs一These days,as wild areas are covered with
houses,roads,farms,or factories,many kinds of amphibians are no longer laying eggs.
For example,the arroyo toad（蟾蜍）of southern California will only lay its eggs on the
sandy bottom of a slow-moving stream.There are very few streams left in southern
California,and those streams are often muddy because of building projects. Not
surprisingily,the arrovo toad is now in danaer of extinction.
There are a number of other factors in amphibian decline.Pollution is one of them.In
many industrial areas,air pollution has poisoned the rain,which then falls on ponds and
kills the frogs and toads that live there,In farming areas,the heavy use of chemicals on
crops has also killed off arrtphibians.Another factor is that air pollution has led to increased
levels of ultraviolet (UV) light. This endangers amphibians, which seem to be especially
sensitive to UV light. And finally, scientists have discovered a new disease that seems to
be killing many species of arnpttibians in different parts of the world.
All these reasons for the disappearance of amphibians are also good reasons for more
general concern. The destrriction of land, the pollcition of the air and the water, the
changes in our atmosphere, the spread of diseases-these factors affect human beings,
too. Amphibians are especially sensitive to environmental change. Perhaps they are like
the canary （金丝雀）bird that coal miners once used to take down into the mines to detect
poisonous gases. When the canary became ill or died,the miners knew that dangerous
gases were near and their own lives were in danger.Losing amphibians means losing
A:knowledge about fatal human diseases.
B:knowledge about air and water pollution.
C:a chance to discover new medicines.
D:an opportunity to detect poisonous gases.答案：C解析： -
第19题：
共用题干
Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship be-tween what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is un-comfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up be-lieving that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult,teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for every-one. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math,that feeling can influ-
ence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year,and the researchers com-pared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out
which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt,for example, was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study
did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,”said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the firstparagraph?
A: Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.
B: Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.
C: Female teachers'math skills have influence over girl students'math skills.
D: Female teachers'confidence in their math skills is related to girls'math skills.答案：D解析：题干意为“依据第一段的内容来看，芝加哥大学的研究结果是什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语 result of the research , University of Chicago , girls , math skills,boys,female teachers' math skills,girl students' math skills作为定位线索，在第一段中寻找到相关句：In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psy-chologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising rela- tionship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills，then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math．第一段是一个独立成段句，该句意为“在最 近一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能会认为男孩学数学比女孩学得更好”。由此可知女教师对自己数学能力的自信会影响女生时自己数学能力的信心，从而最终会影响到女生的数学能力，因此答案为D项“女教师对自己数学能力的自信与女生的数学能力相关”。
题干意为“第三段暗示了什么？”题干中没有任何细节信息词可以利用，因此只能利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语math teachers,math learners, subject,difficulty, dif-ficult subject,teachers' confidence, teaching math, students learning math，利用这些线索词在第三段中找到相关句：Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particular-ly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings: anxie-ty is uneasiness or worry．第三段第一句提到“如同学生会认为某些科目很难学那样，老师也会认为某些学科既难学也难教”。最后一句提到“这就是研究者所言的‘焦虑’：不自在或担心”。依据这两个句子可以推断出作者想要告诉读者，教师会因为数学这门学科难而对教授该课程产生焦虑，也就是不自信，因此答案为B项“像数学这样难学的科目可能会影响教师 对教授该学科的自信”。
题干意为“根据实验来看，当那些老师感到……时可能会对数学产生焦虑感”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语experiment , teachers , numbers of a sales re-ceipt作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句：The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the research-ers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the research-ers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt， for example,was probably anxious about math．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第二句和第三句中，因此重点关注这两个句子。这两个句子提到“然后研究者们对教师进行测试，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当遇到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她可能会对数学存在焦虑”。由此可知选项C项“一看销售清单上的数字就感到紧张”是答案。saving the numbers意为“保存数字”,filling in the numbers意为“数字排序”,memorizing the numbers意为“数字记忆”。
题干意为“第六段告诉我们研究结果……”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语research findings,strong link,female teachers' math anxiety,female students' math achievements , math anxiety , strong evidence , math superstars , males , females作为定位线索，在第六段中找到相关句：Boys , on average , were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On aver-age,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math su- perstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety（与female teachers' math anxiety呼应）．定位线索词集中出现在第六段最后一句中，因此重点关注这个句子。该 句意为“在关于是否认为数学高手应该是男孩的测试中，有20个女孩认为男孩数学比女孩好，这20个女孩的老师都是女性，而且都对数学有焦虑感”。这说明女教师对数学的焦虑感会影响女学生对自己数学能力的信心。该句的前一句提到“一般来说，教女孩子的教师对数学有焦虑感，那么女孩子们在学年结束时测试得分会比其他的女孩要低”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：女教师对数学的焦虑感会影响女学生对自己数学能力的信心，并最终影响女学生的数学成绩，因此该题答案为A项“证明在女教师对数学的焦虑感和女学生的数学成绩之间有密切的联系”。 -
第20题：
共用题干
第二篇
Where Have All the Frogs Gone?
In the 1980s,scientists around the world began to notice something strange:Frogs
were disappearing. More recent research has shown that many kinds of amphibians（两栖
动物）are declining or have become extinct. They have been around for a long time一over
350 million years.Why are they dying out now?
Scientists are seriously concerned about this question.First of all,amphibians are an
important source of scientific and medical knowledge.By studying amphibians,scientists
have learned about new substances that could be very useful for treating human diseases.
Further research could lead to many more discoveries,but that will be impossible if the
amphibians disappear.
The most serious aspect of amphibian loss,however,goes beyond the amphibians
themselves.Scientists are beginning to think about what amphibian decline means for the
planet as a whole.If the earth is becoming unlivable for amphibians,is it also becoming
unlivable for other kinds of animals and human beings as well?
Scientists now believe that amphibian decline is due to several environmental factors.
One of these factors is the destruction of habitat,the natural area where an animal lives.
Amphibians are very sensitive to changes in their habitat.If they cannot find the right
conditions,they will not lay their eggs一These days,as wild areas are covered with
houses,roads,farms,or factories,many kinds of amphibians are no longer laying eggs.
For example,the arroyo toad（蟾蜍）of southern California will only lay its eggs on the
sandy bottom of a slow-moving stream.There are very few streams left in southern
California,and those streams are often muddy because of building projects. Not
surprisingily,the arrovo toad is now in danaer of extinction.
There are a number of other factors in amphibian decline.Pollution is one of them.In
many industrial areas,air pollution has poisoned the rain,which then falls on ponds and
kills the frogs and toads that live there,In farming areas,the heavy use of chemicals on
crops has also killed off arrtphibians.Another factor is that air pollution has led to increased
levels of ultraviolet (UV) light. This endangers amphibians, which seem to be especially
sensitive to UV light. And finally, scientists have discovered a new disease that seems to
be killing many species of arnpttibians in different parts of the world.
All these reasons for the disappearance of amphibians are also good reasons for more
general concern. The destrriction of land, the pollcition of the air and the water, the
changes in our atmosphere, the spread of diseases-these factors affect human beings,
too. Amphibians are especially sensitive to environmental change. Perhaps they are like
the canary （金丝雀）bird that coal miners once used to take down into the mines to detect
poisonous gases. When the canary became ill or died,the miners knew that dangerous
gases were near and their own lives were in danger.Coal miners once used the canary bird to detect
A:poisonous gases.
B:air pollution.
C:water leakage.
D:radiation.答案：A解析： -
第21题：
Online distance learning is an instructional system which connects learners with educational resources．Students work on their own at home,at work,or at school and communicate with faculty and other students by means of e-mail,electronic meetings,videoconferencing,chat rooms,instant messaging and other forms of computer-based communication．There are both advantages and disadvantages to online distance learning.
There are many benefits to using online distance learning environments．Online education is available all the time,anywhere and to all people．However,there are weaknesses for some learners．The online learner only has the written text and no other face-to-face hints．This may confuse the learner and cause misunderstanding．While distance learning allows for an openness,it is also difficult because it is done by e-mail messages and writing,and therefore may take more time than face-to-face learning．Sometimes the messages can be overwhelming for many online students.
Universities,colleges and schools use online distance learning environments．These are important for students who may be unable to attend classes for various reasons like illnesses or busy everyday schedules．Some learners just want to further their studies at home．They enjoy the convenience of home learning as they take regular programs or enrichment classes.
Online courses keep learners very occupied at all hours of the day．There are a great many messages and other online resources to read and respond to．Most learners have regular jobs or attend regular school classes on ground as well．However,the benefits are clear．Online distance learning is becoming very popular．Some online classes have become a profitable business as they replace regular traditional means of learning.
Which of the following is TRUE of the passage about online distance learning?A.It has more disadvantages than advantage
B.It is a learning form based on interne
C.It is not available for some student
D.It has only enrichment classe答案：B解析：从第一段可知，远程教育是以计算机为最基本的应用工具，通过电子邮件、聊天室等形式进行授课和听课。也就是通过网络。 -
第22题：
共用题干
第二篇
Sharing Silence
Deaf teenagers Orlando Chavez and German Resendiz have been friends since kindergarten（幼儿园）.
Together the boys,who go to Escondido Hight School in California,have had the difficult job of learning in
schools where the majority of?the students can speak and hear.
Orlando lost hearing at the age of one.cerman was born deaf,and his parents moved from Mexico to find
a school where he could learn sign language.He met Orlando on their first day of kindergarten.
"We were in a special class with about 25 other deaf kids,"German remembers."Before then,I didn't
know I was deaf and that I was different."
"Being young and deaf in regular classes was very hard,"signs Orlando,"The other kids didn't under-
stand us and we didn't understand them,But we'ye all grown up together,and today,I'm popular because
I'm deaf. Kids try hard to communicate with me.”
Some things are very difficult for the two boys."We can't talk on the phone,so if we need help,we
can't call an emergency service,"German signs."And we can't order food in drive-thru."
Despite their difficulties,the two boys have found work putting food in bags at a local supermarket. They
got their jobs through a"workability"program,designed for teenagers from local schools with different types of
learning disabilities.
German has worked in the supermarket since August,and Orlando started in November.
"The other people who work here have been very nice to us,"Orlando signs."They even sign some-
times.At first,we were nervous,but we'ye learned a lot and we're getting better."
The opportunity to earn money has been exciting,both boys sign.After high school。they hope to attend
the National Technical Institute for the Deaf in New York.Both Orlando and German have found their jobs at_________.
A:a fast-food restaurant
B:a supermarket
C:a technical institute
D:a local school答案：B解析：根据短文开头部分可知他们从小就是朋友。
根据第五段最后一句可知答案。
根据第七段可知他们都在超市找到了工作。
emergency意为“紧急情况”,crisis意为“紧急关头”，两者意思相近。
文中最后一句提到，两个人都表示有机会赚钱是令人兴奋的。 第三篇 本文介绍了一项研究，该研究显示步行能健脑，经常运动可以使老年人更好地集中精力。 -
第23题：
共用题干
第二篇
Sharing Silence
Deaf teenagers Orlando Chavez and German Resendiz have been friends since kindergarten（幼儿园）.
Together the boys,who go to Escondido Hight School in California,have had the difficult job of learning in
schools where the majority of?the students can speak and hear.
Orlando lost hearing at the age of one.cerman was born deaf,and his parents moved from Mexico to find
a school where he could learn sign language.He met Orlando on their first day of kindergarten.
"We were in a special class with about 25 other deaf kids,"German remembers."Before then,I didn't
know I was deaf and that I was different."
"Being young and deaf in regular classes was very hard,"signs Orlando,"The other kids didn't under-
stand us and we didn't understand them,But we'ye all grown up together,and today,I'm popular because
I'm deaf. Kids try hard to communicate with me.”
Some things are very difficult for the two boys."We can't talk on the phone,so if we need help,we
can't call an emergency service,"German signs."And we can't order food in drive-thru."
Despite their difficulties,the two boys have found work putting food in bags at a local supermarket. They
got their jobs through a"workability"program,designed for teenagers from local schools with different types of
learning disabilities.
German has worked in the supermarket since August,and Orlando started in November.
"The other people who work here have been very nice to us,"Orlando signs."They even sign some-
times.At first,we were nervous,but we'ye learned a lot and we're getting better."
The opportunity to earn money has been exciting,both boys sign.After high school。they hope to attend
the National Technical Institute for the Deaf in New York.Orlando and German have been _________.
A:to Mexico together
B:deaf since they were born
C:to different bight schools
D:friends since they were very young答案：D解析：根据短文开头部分可知他们从小就是朋友。
根据第五段最后一句可知答案。
根据第七段可知他们都在超市找到了工作。
emergency意为“紧急情况”,crisis意为“紧急关头”，两者意思相近。
文中最后一句提到，两个人都表示有机会赚钱是令人兴奋的。 第三篇 本文介绍了一项研究，该研究显示步行能健脑，经常运动可以使老年人更好地集中精力。